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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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1990-10-27
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76 lines
Marcus Garvey
(JUNE 11, 1923)
In August, 1920, at Liberty Hall, Manhattan, a Jamaican Negro, aged
36, with broad nose, and of the true Negro type, was publicly married
by 30 officiating clergymen in the presence of 3,000 Negro delegates
from all over the world.
He styled himself "Provisional President of Africa, Commander of the
Order of the Nile, Distinguished Son of Ethiopia." His name was Marcus
Garvey.
Last week, the Federal Government rested its case against this same
Marcus Garvey for using the mails to defraud.
Between these two events stands the betrayal of the most ambitious
effort the world has yet seen to organize the world's 400,000,000
Negroes with the aim of establishing world-wide black supremacy and
the freedom of Africa.
Garvey was the leader of this movement; he possessed great ambition;
at the height of his power his organization (The International Negro
Improvement Association) numbered 4,000,000 members; he was President
of the Black Star Line Company, which aimed to run ships to Africa and
the West Indies from America; his career led him to great power, which
he preferred to exercise for his own aggrandizement, and thus
defrauded and discredited the legitimate activities of the people he
pretended to serve.
In August, 1920, 3,000 delegates, from Abyssinia to Australia, met
in Manhattan. A Declaration of Negro Rights and a Constitution of
Negro Liberty were drawn up. A flag colored black, red and green was
adopted; a World Leader and Supreme Deputy Potentate were elected;
plans were made to build a "Black House" in Washington for Marcus
Garvey, newly elected Provisional President of Africa.
Disaster overtook the Line. Of the three ships operated two went
aground and the third was seized to meet claims of $100,000. Garvey
continued to solicit passage money to Africa after he had no ships.
On January 12, 1922, he was arrested and later indicted, with three
associates. The trial of the Black Star Line Company revealed that
the line has $31.75 in the bank and liabilities of $731,432.
(DECEMBER 12, 1927)
Five years ago, Marcus Garvey, orotund Jamaican, paraded through
Harlem, the cultural capital of his race in the U.S., in uniforms
brightly befitting "His Highness the Potentate of the Universal Negro
Improvement Association and the Provisional General of Africa." Then
he became a janitor of Atlanta Penitentiary. Four years ago he was
convicted of fraudulent use of the U.S. mails in selling the stock of
the Black Star Line, by which he proposed to transport U.S. Negroes to
their aboriginal home and for which he actually purchased a secondhand
flagship. He began serving a five-year term in 1925.
Last month Marcus Garvey's term was commuted by President Coolidge,
at the instance of Attorney General John Garibaldi Sargent. Since
Marcus Garvey had never taken out his final citizenship papers, he was
eligible for deportation as an undesirable alien. Last week, to a
chorus of "Amens" and "Ain't-that-the-truths," Marcus Garvey made his
farewell speech from the top deck of the S.S. Saramacca, sailing from
New Orleans to Panama, whence Marcus Garvey was to be shunted along to
Jamaica. "His Highness, the Potentate" was in excellent form and
spirits.
"I leave America fully as happy as when I came," he elucidated,
"in that my relationship with the Negro people was most pleasant and
inspiring, and I shall work forever in their behalf.
"The program of Nationalism is as important as it ever was...The
program I represent is not hostile to the white race or any other
race. All that I want to do is to complete the freedom of the Negro
economically and culturally and make him a full man..."